FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE IN CONTRAST
LEXIS FOR THE IELTS:
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE IN CONTRAST
Bí quyết luyện thi IELTS WRITING Band 8.0+ – Task 01: Tại đây
Bí quyết luyện thi IELTS WRITING Band 8.0+ – Task 02: Tại đây
FORMAL (Trang trọng) |
NEUTRAL/ LESS FORMAL/ INFORMAL (Trung lập/ Ít hoặc không trang trọng) |
MEANING |
EXAMPLE |
Accord |
Agreement
|
Phù hợp, đồng ý |
An accord => agreement between two countries |
Acquire |
Obtain/ get (less formal) |
Thu được, đạt được |
Acquire / get reputation / obtain qualification |
Address (v) |
Give attention to |
Chú tâm vào/ xử lý |
Address / give attention to a topic / an issue |
Address (v) |
Speak to/ speak/talk about |
Phát biểu/Nói chuyện với |
Address / speak to the meeting/ crowd |
Adjudicate |
Judge |
Phân xử/Xét xử |
Adjudicate/ judge a contest/ dispute |
Administer |
Give |
Phân phát/ Quản lý, trông nom |
Administer/ give a drug/ medicine to a patient |
Advantages and disadvantages |
Pros and cons (informal) |
Ưu điểm và nhược điểm |
Offer advantages and disadvantages/ pros and cons |
Advocate (v) |
Support, encourage |
Tán thành, ủng hộ |
We do not advocate/ support/ encourage the use of questionnaires with young children |
Aim |
Set out ( to do s.t) |
Nhằm/ tập trung vào |
In this paper, we aim/ set out to challenge some current assumptions. |
Albeit |
Although |
Mặc dù |
The chairman accepted the job, albeit/ although there was some hesitation. |
Appeal for / appeal to s.b for s.t |
Ask for |
Yêu cầu |
The police are appealing/ asking for any information the public can offer. |
Attempt |
Try/ have a shot at (informal) |
Nỗ lực, cố gắng/ thử |
Attempt / try a hard task |
Attire |
Clothes |
Trang phục |
She always wore rather old-fashioned attire/clothes. |
Be accepted / be offered a place |
Get in (informal) |
Được chấp nhận / nhận vào |
I hope to get in / be accepted / be offered a place to study engineering. |
Call on / upon |
Ask (somebody to do something) |
Nhờ (ai làm gì) |
Call on/upon / ask expertise |
Catalogue (n) |
List |
Danh mục |
Publish a catalogue / list |
Characteristic (Adj) |
Typical |
Đặc trưng |
Characteristic / typical trail |
Compose |
Write |
Soạn, biên soạn |
Compose / write a poem/ letter/ symphony |
Conduct |
Carry out, do (less formal) |
Tiến hành |
Conduct an experiment / research / a study |
Conduct (n) |
Behavior |
Đạo đức, cách cư xử |
Such conduct/behavior is unacceptable. |
Consist of |
Be made up of |
Bao gồm |
Consist of / be made up of wood and metal |
Constitute |
Make up |
Cấu tạo, tạo thành |
Constitute /make up an achievement |
Consult (v) |
Read, look at |
Tra cứu |
Consult / Read, look at a document/archive |
Contest (v) |
Argue against, disagree with |
Tranh luận |
Contest/argue against/disagree with a judgment. |
Convention |
Agreement |
Hiệp định, thỏa thuận |
No written convention/agreement existed until 1984. |
Cordial |
Friendly |
Thân mật |
Cordial/friendly relations between governments |
Correct |
Right |
Chính xác |
It took hours of calculations to arrive at the correct/ right answer. |
Deliver |
Give |
Phát biểu/ Cung cấp |
Deliver/give a talk/lecture |
Demonstrate |
Show |
Chứng minh |
Demonstrate /show competence to do s.t |
Describe |
Set out |
Mô tả |
Describe / set out a strategic plan |
Diminish |
Decrease, grow smaller |
Giảm thiểu, thu nhỏ |
The population has diminished/decreased / grown smaller. |
Discuss |
Go into |
Thảo luận |
Discuss / go into a question |
Dispose of |
Get rid of |
Vứt bỏ |
Dispose of / get rid of nuclear waste |
Document (v) |
Record/ write about |
Ghi lại tài liệu |
Document /Record/ write about the occurrence |
Dormitory |
Dorm |
Ký túc xá |
BrE = hall of residence |
Dwelling |
House, flat, apartment |
Nơi cư ngụ |
There were originally 50 dwellings/houses/flats/ apartments on the site. |
Endure |
Last |
Tồn tại,kéo dài /chịu đựng |
The dynasty endured/lasted/ for eight centuries. |
Examination |
Exam (slight informal) |
Kỳ thi , khảo sát |
An entrance examination |
Examine |
Take/have a look at (informal) |
Kiểm tra |
examine/take/have a look at your essay before submitting it |
Exceed |
Be more, higher, greater than |
Vượt quá |
The cost of the project is reported to exceed / be more than 20 milion dollars |
Exchange |
Swap (informal) |
Đổi |
The tube was exchanged/swapped for one of a larger caliber. |
Final |
Last |
Sau cùng |
The final/ last warning |
Hierarchy |
Pecking order |
Tôn ty trật tự, thứ bậc |
hierarchy/pecking order in an institution |
Highlight |
Point up |
Nhấn mạnh,làm nổi bật |
The study highlight/ point up the problems of inner-city area. |
Improper |
Wrong |
Không phù hợp/sai |
Improper/wrong procedure |
In excess of |
Over, higher than |
Vượt quá |
The book sold in excess of/ over 20.000 copies. |
In greater detail |
In more detail |
Chi tiết hơn |
The problems should be discuss in greater / more detail. |
In respect of, with respect to |
With regard to, as far as X is concerned, as far as X goes (informal) |
Đối với |
In respect of/ with respect to/with regard to civil rights/ as far as civil rights is concerned/ as far as civil rights goes, all citizens are equal under the law. |
In sum, in summary |
In short, to sum up, summing up |
Tóm lại, tóm tắt |
|
Inappropriate |
Unsuitable |
Không thích hợp |
Inappropriate/ unsuitable form of words |
Incorrect |
Wrong |
Không chính xác |
The totals in column 3 are incorrect/wrong. |
Incur |
Result in, experience |
Gánh, chịu |
To incur/ result in a huge burden of increasing the expenses for social welfare |
Instigate |
Initiate, start something |
Xúi giục/ khởi xướng |
Instigate/ initiate/ start a quarrel |
Instruct |
Direct, order |
Hướng dẫn |
Instruct/direct/order somebody to carry out a task |
Investigate |
Look into (slightly informal) |
Điều tra |
Investigate / look into a problem |
Laboratory |
Lab |
Phòng thí nghiệm |
|
Maintain |
Keep |
Duy trì |
Maintain one’s fitness/ keep fit |
Make reference to |
Refer to |
Tham khảo |
Make reference/ refer to books and materials |
Negotiations |
Talks |
Đàm phán |
Negotiations/ talks between governments |
Nevertheless |
Having said that |
Tuy nhiên |
Their work has been fairly good. Nevertheless/ Having said that, I still think there's room for improvement |
Occasion |
Time |
Cơ hội,dịp |
It happened three times/ on three occasions |
Occupation |
Job, profession |
Nghề nghiệp |
What is your occupation/ profession/ job? |
Omit, not attend something |
Skip (informal) |
Bỏ qua, không tham dự một cái gì đó |
Do not attend/ Skip a lecture, omit/ skip a chapter |
Pledge |
Promise |
Hứa, cam kết |
Pledge/ Promise a donation to |
Pose |
Ask |
Đặt ra, đưa ra |
Pose/ ask a question |
Postgraduate |
Postgrad (informal) |
Nghiên cứu sinh |
|
Present |
Put forward |
Trình bày/ đưa ra |
Present/ put forward an idea/ view/ theory, etc |
Primary |
Main |
Chủ yếu |
Primary/ main cause |
Recapitulate |
Recap |
Tổng hợp lại, tóm lại |
To recapitulate/ recap |
Recently |
Lately |
Gần đây |
These animals have not been seen recently/ lately. |
Representative |
Rep (informal) |
Đại diện |
She’s the student representative/ rep on the Departmental Committee. |
Resign |
Quit (informal) |
Từ chức |
The President resigned/ quit in 1986. |
Resolve |
Solve, end |
Giải quyết |
Resolve/ solve a problem, resolve/ end a conflict |
Rest on |
Be based on |
Dựa trên |
The theory rests on/ is based on the asumption that… |
Return |
Come back, go back, get back |
Quay trở lại |
Return/ come back home |
Revise |
Look back over, go over |
Xem lại, duyệt lại |
Revise/ look back over the task |
Sanction (v) |
Permit |
Chấp nhận, tán thành |
The government cannot sanction law breaking. |
Secure (v) |
Obtain, get , gain (informal) |
Đạt được, có được |
Secure/ get/ gain one’s ends
|
Sole(ly) |
Only |
Duy nhất |
The sole/ only representative for … |
Somewhat |
Slightly, a little, a bit (informal) |
Phần nào, một chút |
It is somewhat/ a little dificult. |
Speak of |
Talk of, talk about (less formal) |
Nói về |
We will speak of/ talk about that point later |
Spouse |
Husband, wife |
Vợ hoặc chồng |
The President’s spouse/ husband/ wife attended the ceremony. |
Substantial |
Large, big |
Đáng kể |
A substantial number/ amount |
Treat |
Deal with |
Xem xét/ xử lý |
This issue was not treated/ dealt with fully in his earlier work. |
Undergraduate |
Undergrad (informal) |
Sinh viên chưa tốt nghiệp |
The undergrads/undergraduates mostly live in halls of residence. |
Undertaking (n) |
Promise |
Sự cam kết, đảm nhận |
An official undertaking/ promise to do something |
Utilize |
Use something effectively |
Tận dụng |
Utilize a resource/ method |
Virtually |
Almost, more or less |
Hầu như |
It is virtually/ almost impossible to … |
Write of |
Write about |
Viết về.. |
|
It is not possible / not correct that… |
There’s no way that … (less formal) |
Không thể nào mà … |
It is not possible/ there’s absolutely no way that one can retrieve his fortunes in such a short time. |
Your faithfully |
Yours sincerely, best wishes (less formal), best (informal) |
Chân thành |
(Way of ending a letter or email) |