UNIT 02: THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG – CÁC CẤU TRÚC VÀ DẠNG BIẾN ĐỔI

THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG – CÁC CẤU TRÚC VÀ DẠNG BIẾN ĐỔI

ACTIVE <=> PASSIVE

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LESSON 01: BIẾN ĐỔI ACTIVE => PASSIVE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Simple Present

Am/is/are/V(s/es)

Ex: The movie fascinates me.

Simple Present

Am/is/are + past participle

Ex: I am fascinated by the movie.

Simple Past

V2/Ved

Ex: The movie surprised them.

Simple Past

Was/were + past participle

Ex: They were surprised by the movie.

Future with WILL

Will + V.bare

Ex: Jack will mail the gifts.

Future with WILL

Will + be + past participle

Ex: The gifts will be mailed by Jack.

Future with GOING TO

Am/is/are going to + V.bare

Ex: Sue is going to make two cakes.

Future with GOING TO

Is/are going to be + past participle

Ex: Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

Present Continuous

Am/is/are + V.ing

Ex: June is helping Su and Ling.

Present Continuous

Am/is/are + being + past participle

Ex: Su and Ling are being helped by June.

Past Continuous

Was/were + Ving

Ex: They were cleaning the bedroom.

Past Continuous

Was/were + being + past participle

Ex: The bedroom was being cleaned.

Present Perfect

Have/has + V3

Ex: Jason has mailed the postcards.

Present perfect

Have/has been + past participle

Ex: The postcards have been mailed by Jason.

Past Perfect

Had + V3

Ex: Steven Spielberg had directed the movie.

Past Perfect

Had been + past participle

Ex: The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg.

Future Perfect

Will have + V3

Ex: John will have finished the project next month.

Future Perfect

Will have been + past participle

Ex: The project will have been finished next month.

1/ Statement active => Passive:

-Xác định S – V – O (phần Adv giữ nguyên không đổi).

-Lấy O (Active) làm S (Pasive).

-Lấy S (Active) đổi thành (by O) Pasive nếu cần.

-Đổi V chính trong Active sang V3 (Past participle -P.P) và chia đúng thì.

Ex: Jane cooked the food last night.

=> The food was cooked by Jane last night.

Note: Nếu O trong Active là “đại từ nhân xưng” (I,you,he…), “đại từ bất định” (someone, anyone, everyone) hay “people” thì không chuyển thành by + O.

2/ Yes – No questions:

– Xác định S V O trong Active.

+ Các thì hoàn thành: đổi has/have theo O của câu active, V chính đổi sang been + V3.

+ Thì tương lai : Will/ shall giữ nguyên vị trí, V chính đổi sang be + V3

+ Các thì khác: thay các V trợ do,does, did = is, are ,was,were tùy theo O của câu active, đổi V chính ở Active sang (V3)

– Lấy O (Active) làm S (Pasive) đặt vào giữa V trợ và V chính ở pasive.

– Lấy S (Active) đổi thành (by O) Pasive nếu cần.

Ex: Has Daisy washed the dishes yet?

=> Has the dishes been washed by Daisy yet?

Will you repair the motor next week?

=> Will the motor be repaired next month?

Did you clean the floor yesterday morning?

=> Was the floor cleaned yesterday morning?

3/ Wh_ questions

– Xác định S –V –O

a/ Loại Wh_ word làm Object (What, whom, which) : Giữ nguyên vị trí, đổi V (cả trợ và chính) sang Passive (như ở trên) , thêm by O nếu cần , các thành phần adv không đổi.

Ex: What did she write?

=> What was written (by her)?

Whom have you watched?

=> Whom has been watched?

Which cat does Jerry choose?

=> Which cat is chosen by Jerry?

b/ Loại Wh_word làm trạng từ (Where , When, Why , How) : Giữ nguyên vị trí , biến đổi như câu yes/no.

Ex: When will they sell the car?

=> When will the car be sold?

c/ Loại Wh_ word làm Subject: (What,who,which) : Giữ nguyên vị trí, đổi V chính sang pasive (chia đúng thì) ,thêm “by” ở cuối câu.

Ex: 1. What hurted you sad?

=> What were you hurted by?

2. Who had taken Tiger to school before I came home?

=> Who had Tiger been taken to school by before I came home?

or By whom had Tiger been taken to school before I came home?

3. Which person has stolen your watch?

=> By which person has your watch been stolen?

or Has your watch been stolen by which person?

4/ Các V có 2 Object:

– Các V : give, offer, send, tell, pay , teach, bring … có 2 O => có 2 cách đổi sang passive:

Ex: Tom gave Jerry a pet cat. Or Tom gave a pet dog to Jerrry.

V O.indirect Odirect O.direct O.indirect

Cách 1: Oindirect làm S: => Jerry was given a pet cat by Tom.

Cách 2: Odirect làm S: => A pet cat was given to Jerry by Tom. (có thêm giới từ to hoặc for)

Notes:

a/ Các V dùng to trước indirect Object: bring, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay,post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write…

Ex: 1. Tom paid the money to the workers. or Tom paid the workers the money.
=> The money was paid to the workers by Tom.

=> The workers were paid the money by Tom.

2. Let me read this book to you. or Let me read you this book.

=> Let this book be read to you

=> Let you be read this book.

3. We showed the video to Abraham. or We showed Abraham the video.

=> The video was showed to Abraham.

=> Abraham was showed the video.

b/ Các V dùng for trước indirect object: book, bring, build, buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, reserve, save

Ex: 1. They found a spare ticket for me. or They found me a spare ticket.
=> A spare ticket was found for me.

=> I was found a spare ticket.

2. I’ve saved a seat for you. or I’ve saved you a seat.

=> A seat has been saved for you.

=> You have been saved a seat.

3. Melanie is making a cake for Henry. or Melanie is making Henry a cake.

=> A cake is being made for Henry by Melanie.

=> Henry is being made a cake by Melanie.

c/ Trường hợp Oindirect là đại từ (me, you, him, her, it, us,them) thì thường đặt trước Odirect.

Ex: Tom gave me a pet dog.

=> A pet dog was given to me by Tom.

5/ Passive câu kép:

a/ Dạng 1 câu có nhìu mệnh đề: khi đổi sang pasive những câu có nhiều mệnh đề => ta phân tích ra thành từng câu riêng rồi làm bình thường, giữ lại các từ nối.

–Note: Mệnh đề không có S –V – O thì không đổi sang pasive.

Ex : When I came, they were repairing my motor.

– When I came : không đổi sang bị động vì không có O.

They were repairing my car => My car was being repaired.

=> When I came, my car was being repaired

b/ Dạng một chủ từ làm nhìu hành động khác nhau: Xác định S –V – O cho từng V, biến đổi từng phần cho đúng dạng rồi nối lại như cũ. Viết “by O” nếu cần.

Ex: John opened the door and stole some pictures

– Xác định lại S của các V : John opened the door and John stole some pictures

=>The door was opened and some pictures were stolen by John.

6/ Dạng “People say that ….”

People/ they + say/think/believe… + (that) + S + V + O

Clause 01 Clause 02

– Các V thuộc dạng này: acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel,

find, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand …

– Dạng này có 2 cách đổi sang bị động như sau:

+ Cách 01:

– Lấy chủ từ mệnh đề sau đem ra đầu câu.

– Chia passive cho V ở mđề 01 (say/think/believe…) , be chia theo thì của say/think…

– V ở mđề 2 đổi sang to V + viết lại hết phần sau.

Note: nếu V ở mđề sau ở các thì hoàn thành thì dùng to have + V3 (perfect infinitive)

+ Cách 02:

– Đặt It đầu câu.

– Đổi V ở mđề 01 (say/think/believe…) sang passive, be chia theo thì của say/think…

– Thêm that và viết lại hết mđề 02.

Ex: 1. People said that he was nice to his friends .

=> He was said to be nice to his friends. (cách 01)

2. People said that he was nice to his friends.

=> It was said that he was nice to his friends. (Cách 02)

LESSON 02 : CÁC DẠNG BIẾN ĐỔI ĐẶC BIỆT

1/ Câu Active dạng: V1 (make, help, hear, see …) + O + V2 (không có to)

=> Khi đổi sang bị động phải đổi V2 sang to V.

Ex: They made me tell them everything.

=> I was made to tell them everything.

We heard him go out last night.

=> He was heard to go out last night.

BUT: let + O + V (b.inf)

–Note: let thường đổi sang allow.

Ex : They let me go out.

=> I was allowed to go out.

2/ Câu Active dạng: S + V1 (Chỉ cảm xúc: like, dislike, hate…) + N + V2 (V.ing) + O

– Chọn V2 (Ving) đổi thành bị động being + V3.

– S và V1 giữ nguyên, đem O lên thế chỗ N, đưa N xuống thành by + N nếu cần.

– Nếu O cũng là S đầu câu thì bỏ O.

Ex 1: I hate people laughing at me.

S V1 N V2 (Ving) O

=> I hate me being laughed at. (bỏ by people)

–me và I là một : bỏ me

=> I hate being laughed at.

Ex 2: I dislike Tom browbeating Mary.

=> I dislike Mary being browbeaten by Tom.

3/ Câu Active dạng: S + V1 (V chính)+ O1 + TO V + O2:

–V1 là các động từ: advise, beg, order, recommend, urge, ask, tell v.v… có 2 cách đổi:

+Cách 01: Động từ chính sang bị động, lấy O1 làm S, còn lại giữ nguyên (to V + ….).

+Cách 02: Dùng cấu trúc … that … should: phần đầu giữ nguyên , lấy O2 làm S đặt giữa that … should, to V đổi thành be + V3, thêm by + O nếu cần.

Ex1: He urged the Council to reduce the rates.

=> The Council was urged to reduce the rates.

=> He urged that the rates should be reduced (by the Council).

Ex2: They recommend the government to create more jobs.

=> The government is recommended to create more jobs.

=> They recommend that more jobs should be created.

Ex3: They told us not to come back.

=> We were told not to come back.

Ex4: He asked me to send a stamped addressed envelope.

=> I was asked to send a stamped addressed envelope.

=> He asked that a stamped addressed envelope should be sent.

4/ Câu Active dạng: S + V1 + TO V + O

-V1 là các V: agree, be anxious, arrange, be determined, determine, decide, demand … => dùng …that … should: phần đầu giữ nguyên , lấy O làm S đặt giữa that … should, to V đổi thành be + V3.

Ex: He decided to sell the house.

S V1 to V O

=> He decided that the house should be sold.

Ex: They agree to build that palace.

=> They agree that that palace should be built.

5/ Câu Active có dạng: S + V1 + V2 (Ving) + O

-Các động từ V1: advise, insist, propose, recommend, suggest, v.v…

=> dùng …that… should: phần đầu giữ nguyên, lấy O làm S đặt giữa that … should, Ving đổi thành be + V3.

Ex: He recommended using bullet – proof glass.

=> He recommended that bullet – proof glass should be used.

6/ Đổi câu mệnh lệnh sang bị động: V + O …

– Nhận dạng câu mệnh lệnh : không có chủ từ, động từ nguyên mẫu đứng đầu câu.

=> Thêm Let đầu câu, đặt O sau let, V đổi sang be + V3 , viết lại các phần còn lại .

Ex: Write your name on the blackboard.

=> Let your name be written on the blackboard

Ex: Put your raincoat on the table overthere.

=> Let your raincoat be put on the table overthere.

7/ Câu Active dùng phrasal verbs: phải giữ nguyên tiểu từ (particle) đi kèm với V.

– Các phrasal Vs: find out, catch up with, give up, look after, bring up …

Ex: Mrs.White has looked after the boy for 10 years.

=> The boy has been looked after by Mrs.White for 10 years.

8/ Câu Active có dạng: S + V + Oindirect + O.Complement (bỗ ngữ tân ngữ) ….

-Các V dạng này: call, consider, elect, name, regard, see (coi là), made , choose, drive (khiến cho) , find…

– Lấy O làm S câu bị động, V đối sang bị động, đặt O.Complement ngay sau V, còn lại viết hết.

+ O.Complement (bỗ ngữ tân ngữ) là N:

Ex: Queen Victoria considered him a genius.

S V O O.Com.

=> He was considered a genius by Queen Victoria.

Ex: 1. They elected Mr. Sanderson president.

=> Mr. Sanderson was elected president.

2.We all regard Kathy as an expert.

=> Kathy is regarded an expert.

3. Most of people saw him a sort of clown.

=> He was seen a sort of clown by most of people.

4. Her classmate called her Big Bull.

=> She was called Big Bull by her classmate.

+ O.Complement (bỗ ngữ tân ngữ) là ADJ:

Ex: You ‘ve made the house beautiful.

=> The house has been made beautiful.

Ex: We found her delightful.

=> She was found delightful.

9/ CÁC DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG KHÁC:

a/ It is sb’s duty to V. => Sb (be) supposed to V.

Ex: It’s your duty to do this work.

=> You are supposed to do this work.

Ex: It is your duty to obey him.

=> You are supposed to obey him.

It is your duty to make tea at eleven o’clock.

=> You are supposed to make tea at eleven o’clock.

b/ It is impossible to do sth => Sth can’t be done.

Ex: It is impossible to repair that machine.

=> That machine can’t be repaired.

It is impossible to heal this man of cancer.

=> This man of cancer can’t be healed.

c/ S + enjoy + Ving + O => S + enjoy + O + being + P.P (hiếm khi dùng)

Ex: We enjoy writing letters.

=> We enjoy letters being written.

Note:

-By + O: dùng by đề cập đến tác nhân gây ra hành động: by Tom, by her father.

–With + O: dùng with nói đến công cụ gây ra hành động. Các V crowd , fill , cover + with thay cho by.

Ex: Clouds cover the sky.

=> The sky is covered with clouds.

Ex: The policeman shot him with a rifle.

=> He was shot with a rifle by the policeman.

d/ Câu Active có chủ ngữ giả “there”:

– Với cấu trúc there + be + (V3: say, think, feel, report, presume, understand…) + to be ta dùng: It + be + (V3: say, think, feel, report, presume, understand…) + there be ….

Ex: There are thought to be more than 3000 different languages in the world.

=> It is thought that there are more than 3000 different languages in the world.

There was said to be disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary.

=> It was said that there was disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary.

10/ Các V từ không dùng bị động:

– Các intransitive V (nội động từ) (die, fly,arive,come…) không dùng bị động vì không có Object.

– Các cấu trúc không có V + O không dùng bị động.

– Một số động từ chỉ trạng thái (không chỉ hành động) (have, fit, lack, suit, resemble …) dù có O cũng không chia bị động.

Ex: They have a nice house.

Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess.

Your girlfriend lacks tact.

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UNIT 02: THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG – CÁC CẤU TRÚC VÀ DẠNG BIẾN ĐỔI

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