THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG – CÁC CẤU TRÚC VÀ DẠNG BIẾN ĐỔI
ACTIVE <=> PASSIVE
Xem thêm các bài viết khác:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ Part 01
- Mệnh đề quan hệ Part 02 – Các dạng rút gọn mệnh đề
- BÍ QUYẾT LUYỆN THI IELTS SPEAKING BAND 8.0+ – VÒNG THI NÓI 1
- BÍ QUYẾT LUYỆN THI IELTS SPEAKING BAND 8.0+ – VÒNG THI NÓI 2
- BÍ QUYẾT LUYỆN THI IELTS SPEAKING BAND 8.0+ – VÒNG THI NÓI 3
LESSON 01: BIẾN ĐỔI ACTIVE => PASSIVE
| ACTIVE | PASSIVE |
| Simple Present
Am/is/are/V(s/es) Ex: The movie fascinates me. |
Simple Present
Am/is/are + past participle Ex: I am fascinated by the movie. |
| Simple Past
V2/Ved Ex: The movie surprised them. |
Simple Past
Was/were + past participle Ex: They were surprised by the movie. |
| Future with WILL
Will + V.bare Ex: Jack will mail the gifts. |
Future with WILL
Will + be + past participle Ex: The gifts will be mailed by Jack. |
| Future with GOING TO
Am/is/are going to + V.bare Ex: Sue is going to make two cakes. |
Future with GOING TO
Is/are going to be + past participle Ex: Two cakes are going to be made by Sue. |
| Present Continuous
Am/is/are + V.ing Ex: June is helping Su and Ling. |
Present Continuous
Am/is/are + being + past participle Ex: Su and Ling are being helped by June. |
| Past Continuous
Was/were + Ving Ex: They were cleaning the bedroom. |
Past Continuous
Was/were + being + past participle Ex: The bedroom was being cleaned. |
| Present Perfect
Have/has + V3 Ex: Jason has mailed the postcards.
|
Present perfect
Have/has been + past participle Ex: The postcards have been mailed by Jason. |
| Past Perfect
Had + V3 Ex: Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. |
Past Perfect
Had been + past participle Ex: The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. |
| Future Perfect
Will have + V3 Ex: John will have finished the project next month. |
Future Perfect
Will have been + past participle Ex: The project will have been finished next month. |
1/ Statement active => Passive:
-Xác định S – V – O (phần Adv giữ nguyên không đổi).
-Lấy O (Active) làm S (Pasive).
-Lấy S (Active) đổi thành (by O) Pasive nếu cần.
-Đổi V chính trong Active sang V3 (Past participle -P.P) và chia đúng thì.
Ex: Jane cooked the food last night.
=> The food was cooked by Jane last night.
Note: Nếu O trong Active là “đại từ nhân xưng” (I,you,he…), “đại từ bất định” (someone, anyone, everyone) hay “people” thì không chuyển thành by + O.
2/ Yes – No questions:
– Xác định S V O trong Active.
+ Các thì hoàn thành: đổi has/have theo O của câu active, V chính đổi sang been + V3.
+ Thì tương lai : Will/ shall giữ nguyên vị trí, V chính đổi sang be + V3
+ Các thì khác: thay các V trợ do,does, did = is, are ,was,were tùy theo O của câu active, đổi V chính ở Active sang (V3)
– Lấy O (Active) làm S (Pasive) đặt vào giữa V trợ và V chính ở pasive.
– Lấy S (Active) đổi thành (by O) Pasive nếu cần.
Ex: Has Daisy washed the dishes yet?
=> Has the dishes been washed by Daisy yet?
Will you repair the motor next week?
=> Will the motor be repaired next month?
Did you clean the floor yesterday morning?
=> Was the floor cleaned yesterday morning?
3/ Wh_ questions
– Xác định S –V –O
a/ Loại Wh_ word làm Object (What, whom, which) : Giữ nguyên vị trí, đổi V (cả trợ và chính) sang Passive (như ở trên) , thêm by O nếu cần , các thành phần adv không đổi.
Ex: What did she write?
=> What was written (by her)?
Whom have you watched?
=> Whom has been watched?
Which cat does Jerry choose?
=> Which cat is chosen by Jerry?
b/ Loại Wh_word làm trạng từ (Where , When, Why , How) : Giữ nguyên vị trí , biến đổi như câu yes/no.
Ex: When will they sell the car?
=> When will the car be sold?
c/ Loại Wh_ word làm Subject: (What,who,which) : Giữ nguyên vị trí, đổi V chính sang pasive (chia đúng thì) ,thêm “by” ở cuối câu.
Ex: 1. What hurted you sad?
=> What were you hurted by?
2. Who had taken Tiger to school before I came home?
=> Who had Tiger been taken to school by before I came home?
or By whom had Tiger been taken to school before I came home?
3. Which person has stolen your watch?
=> By which person has your watch been stolen?
or Has your watch been stolen by which person?
4/ Các V có 2 Object:
– Các V : give, offer, send, tell, pay , teach, bring … có 2 O => có 2 cách đổi sang passive:
Ex: Tom gave Jerry a pet cat. Or Tom gave a pet dog to Jerrry.
V O.indirect Odirect O.direct O.indirect
Cách 1: Oindirect làm S: => Jerry was given a pet cat by Tom.
Cách 2: Odirect làm S: => A pet cat was given to Jerry by Tom. (có thêm giới từ to hoặc for)
Notes:
a/ Các V dùng to trước indirect Object: bring, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay,post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write…
Ex: 1. Tom paid the money to the workers. or Tom paid the workers the money.
=> The money was paid to the workers by Tom.
=> The workers were paid the money by Tom.
2. Let me read this book to you. or Let me read you this book.
=> Let this book be read to you
=> Let you be read this book.
3. We showed the video to Abraham. or We showed Abraham the video.
=> The video was showed to Abraham.
=> Abraham was showed the video.
b/ Các V dùng for trước indirect object: book, bring, build, buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, reserve, save
Ex: 1. They found a spare ticket for me. or They found me a spare ticket.
=> A spare ticket was found for me.
=> I was found a spare ticket.
2. I’ve saved a seat for you. or I’ve saved you a seat.
=> A seat has been saved for you.
=> You have been saved a seat.
3. Melanie is making a cake for Henry. or Melanie is making Henry a cake.
=> A cake is being made for Henry by Melanie.
=> Henry is being made a cake by Melanie.
c/ Trường hợp Oindirect là đại từ (me, you, him, her, it, us,them) thì thường đặt trước Odirect.
Ex: Tom gave me a pet dog.
=> A pet dog was given to me by Tom.
5/ Passive câu kép:
a/ Dạng 1 câu có nhìu mệnh đề: khi đổi sang pasive những câu có nhiều mệnh đề => ta phân tích ra thành từng câu riêng rồi làm bình thường, giữ lại các từ nối.
–Note: Mệnh đề không có S –V – O thì không đổi sang pasive.
Ex : When I came, they were repairing my motor.
– When I came : không đổi sang bị động vì không có O.
They were repairing my car => My car was being repaired.
=> When I came, my car was being repaired
b/ Dạng một chủ từ làm nhìu hành động khác nhau: Xác định S –V – O cho từng V, biến đổi từng phần cho đúng dạng rồi nối lại như cũ. Viết “by O” nếu cần.
Ex: John opened the door and stole some pictures
– Xác định lại S của các V : John opened the door and John stole some pictures
=>The door was opened and some pictures were stolen by John.
6/ Dạng “People say that ….”
People/ they + say/think/believe… + (that) + S + V + O
Clause 01 Clause 02
– Các V thuộc dạng này: acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel,
find, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand …
– Dạng này có 2 cách đổi sang bị động như sau:
+ Cách 01:
– Lấy chủ từ mệnh đề sau đem ra đầu câu.
– Chia passive cho V ở mđề 01 (say/think/believe…) , be chia theo thì của say/think…
– V ở mđề 2 đổi sang to V + viết lại hết phần sau.
Note: nếu V ở mđề sau ở các thì hoàn thành thì dùng to have + V3 (perfect infinitive)
+ Cách 02:
– Đặt It đầu câu.
– Đổi V ở mđề 01 (say/think/believe…) sang passive, be chia theo thì của say/think…
– Thêm that và viết lại hết mđề 02.
Ex: 1. People said that he was nice to his friends .
=> He was said to be nice to his friends. (cách 01)
2. People said that he was nice to his friends.
=> It was said that he was nice to his friends. (Cách 02)
LESSON 02 : CÁC DẠNG BIẾN ĐỔI ĐẶC BIỆT
1/ Câu Active dạng: V1 (make, help, hear, see …) + O + V2 (không có to)
=> Khi đổi sang bị động phải đổi V2 sang to V.
Ex: They made me tell them everything.
=> I was made to tell them everything.
We heard him go out last night.
=> He was heard to go out last night.
BUT: let + O + V (b.inf)
–Note: let thường đổi sang allow.
Ex : They let me go out.
=> I was allowed to go out.
2/ Câu Active dạng: S + V1 (Chỉ cảm xúc: like, dislike, hate…) + N + V2 (V.ing) + O
– Chọn V2 (Ving) đổi thành bị động being + V3.
– S và V1 giữ nguyên, đem O lên thế chỗ N, đưa N xuống thành by + N nếu cần.
– Nếu O cũng là S đầu câu thì bỏ O.
Ex 1: I hate people laughing at me.
S V1 N V2 (Ving) O
=> I hate me being laughed at. (bỏ by people)
–me và I là một : bỏ me
=> I hate being laughed at.
Ex 2: I dislike Tom browbeating Mary.
=> I dislike Mary being browbeaten by Tom.
3/ Câu Active dạng: S + V1 (V chính)+ O1 + TO V + O2:
–V1 là các động từ: advise, beg, order, recommend, urge, ask, tell v.v… có 2 cách đổi:
+Cách 01: Động từ chính sang bị động, lấy O1 làm S, còn lại giữ nguyên (to V + ….).
+Cách 02: Dùng cấu trúc … that … should: phần đầu giữ nguyên , lấy O2 làm S đặt giữa that … should, to V đổi thành be + V3, thêm by + O nếu cần.
Ex1: He urged the Council to reduce the rates.
=> The Council was urged to reduce the rates.
=> He urged that the rates should be reduced (by the Council).
Ex2: They recommend the government to create more jobs.
=> The government is recommended to create more jobs.
=> They recommend that more jobs should be created.
Ex3: They told us not to come back.
=> We were told not to come back.
Ex4: He asked me to send a stamped addressed envelope.
=> I was asked to send a stamped addressed envelope.
=> He asked that a stamped addressed envelope should be sent.
4/ Câu Active dạng: S + V1 + TO V + O
-V1 là các V: agree, be anxious, arrange, be determined, determine, decide, demand … => dùng …that … should: phần đầu giữ nguyên , lấy O làm S đặt giữa that … should, to V đổi thành be + V3.
Ex: He decided to sell the house.
S V1 to V O
=> He decided that the house should be sold.
Ex: They agree to build that palace.
=> They agree that that palace should be built.
5/ Câu Active có dạng: S + V1 + V2 (Ving) + O
-Các động từ V1: advise, insist, propose, recommend, suggest, v.v…
=> dùng …that… should: phần đầu giữ nguyên, lấy O làm S đặt giữa that … should, Ving đổi thành be + V3.
Ex: He recommended using bullet – proof glass.
=> He recommended that bullet – proof glass should be used.
6/ Đổi câu mệnh lệnh sang bị động: V + O …
– Nhận dạng câu mệnh lệnh : không có chủ từ, động từ nguyên mẫu đứng đầu câu.
=> Thêm Let đầu câu, đặt O sau let, V đổi sang be + V3 , viết lại các phần còn lại .
Ex: Write your name on the blackboard.
=> Let your name be written on the blackboard
Ex: Put your raincoat on the table overthere.
=> Let your raincoat be put on the table overthere.
7/ Câu Active dùng phrasal verbs: phải giữ nguyên tiểu từ (particle) đi kèm với V.
– Các phrasal Vs: find out, catch up with, give up, look after, bring up …
Ex: Mrs.White has looked after the boy for 10 years.
=> The boy has been looked after by Mrs.White for 10 years.
8/ Câu Active có dạng: S + V + Oindirect + O.Complement (bỗ ngữ tân ngữ) ….
-Các V dạng này: call, consider, elect, name, regard, see (coi là), made , choose, drive (khiến cho) , find…
– Lấy O làm S câu bị động, V đối sang bị động, đặt O.Complement ngay sau V, còn lại viết hết.
+ O.Complement (bỗ ngữ tân ngữ) là N:
Ex: Queen Victoria considered him a genius.
S V O O.Com.
=> He was considered a genius by Queen Victoria.
Ex: 1. They elected Mr. Sanderson president.
=> Mr. Sanderson was elected president.
2.We all regard Kathy as an expert.
=> Kathy is regarded an expert.
3. Most of people saw him a sort of clown.
=> He was seen a sort of clown by most of people.
4. Her classmate called her Big Bull.
=> She was called Big Bull by her classmate.
+ O.Complement (bỗ ngữ tân ngữ) là ADJ:
Ex: You ‘ve made the house beautiful.
=> The house has been made beautiful.
Ex: We found her delightful.
=> She was found delightful.
9/ CÁC DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG KHÁC:
a/ It is sb’s duty to V. => Sb (be) supposed to V.
Ex: It’s your duty to do this work.
=> You are supposed to do this work.
Ex: It is your duty to obey him.
=> You are supposed to obey him.
It is your duty to make tea at eleven o’clock.
=> You are supposed to make tea at eleven o’clock.
b/ It is impossible to do sth => Sth can’t be done.
Ex: It is impossible to repair that machine.
=> That machine can’t be repaired.
It is impossible to heal this man of cancer.
=> This man of cancer can’t be healed.
c/ S + enjoy + Ving + O => S + enjoy + O + being + P.P (hiếm khi dùng)
Ex: We enjoy writing letters.
=> We enjoy letters being written.
Note:
-By + O: dùng by đề cập đến tác nhân gây ra hành động: by Tom, by her father.
–With + O: dùng with nói đến công cụ gây ra hành động. Các V crowd , fill , cover + with thay cho by.
Ex: Clouds cover the sky.
=> The sky is covered with clouds.
Ex: The policeman shot him with a rifle.
=> He was shot with a rifle by the policeman.
d/ Câu Active có chủ ngữ giả “there”:
– Với cấu trúc there + be + (V3: say, think, feel, report, presume, understand…) + to be ta dùng: It + be + (V3: say, think, feel, report, presume, understand…) + there be ….
Ex: There are thought to be more than 3000 different languages in the world.
=> It is thought that there are more than 3000 different languages in the world.
There was said to be disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary.
=> It was said that there was disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary.
10/ Các V từ không dùng bị động:
– Các intransitive V (nội động từ) (die, fly,arive,come…) không dùng bị động vì không có Object.
– Các cấu trúc không có V + O không dùng bị động.
– Một số động từ chỉ trạng thái (không chỉ hành động) (have, fit, lack, suit, resemble …) dù có O cũng không chia bị động.
Ex: They have a nice house.
Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess.
Your girlfriend lacks tact.
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