CÁC LOẠI LIÊN TỪ
Xem thêm các bài viết khác:
- Cấu trúc song song và các liên từ đẳng lập
- Chủ ngữ hình thức – Chủ ngữ giả
- BÍ QUYẾT LUYỆN THI IELTS LISTENING BAND 8.0+ CẤP TỐC
- BÍ QUYẾT LUYỆN THI IELTS READING BAND 8.0+ CẤP TỐC
- BÍ QUYẾT LUYỆN THI IELTS SPEAKING BAND 8.0+ – VÒNG THI NÓI 1
LESSON 01: LIÊN TỪ – CONJUNCTIONS
I/ Định nghĩa: Liên từ là từ dùng để nối các thành phần trong câu với nhau như các từ loại (N/V/ADJ/ADV), cụm từ(Phrases) hay mệnh đề (Clauses).
II/ Phân loại:Liên từ được chia làm hai loại chính:
A/ Liên từ Đẳng lập (song song): Coordinating conjunctions/ coordinators :
AND, BUT/YET (=HOWEVER), OR, NOR (= AND NOT), SO (=THEREFORE) ,…
Công dụng:
1/ Dùng nối 2 thành phần có cùng chức năng trong câu.
Qui tắc: những gì được nối phải tương đương, cùng chức năng. Các liên từ đẳng lập nối 2 mệnh đề độc lập (independent clause) để tạo thành 1 câu ghép (compound noun).
N / V/ ADJ / ADV + AND, BUT, OR, NOR + N / V/ ADJ / ADV
a/ AND
Ex: Laura has a car and bicycle.
Jean is a beautiful and nice girl.
Mrs. Keith speaks slowly and clearly.
We visited Las Vegas and bought a lot of souvenirs.
b/ BUT
Ex: Your chair is new, but uncomfortable.
Susan called Tom, but couldn’t reach him.
c/ OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE : HOẶC LÀ/ NẾU KHÔNG THÌ
Ex: Would you like to go shopping or (to) stay home?
We have to work hard, or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam.
d/ NOR (=AND NOT) : CŨNG KHÔNG
Ex: Tom doesn’t like bulldogs, nor chihuahuas.
*Note: Dùng “nor” nối 2 mệnh dề thì mệnh đề sau phải đảo ngữ.
-I don’t often drink coffee, nor do I drink tea.
*Những liên từ Đẳng lập khác:
NO LESS THAN: KHÔNG ÍT HƠN / CŨNG NHƯ
Ex: You no less than he are very rich.
STILL (không trang trọng), YET (trang trọng): TUY NHIÊN
Ex: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet, you will not listen.
She says she does not love me, yet, I love her.
*Note: Still có thể đi với “and” hoặc “but”, tạo thành liên từ kết hợp: and still, but still. Still có thể đứng sau S.
Ex: He is old and still he is able.
She says she does not love me, but I still love her.
ONLY: CHỈ TRỪ RA/ NẾU KHÔNG
Ex: Go where you like; only do not stay here.
BESIDES, MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, IN ADDITION, ADDITIONALLY (adv) : NGOÀI RA/ THÊM VÀO ĐÓ
Ex: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention to physical exercise.
He stole two watches; moreover / furthermore, he broke the window.
You must read the question carefully. In addition/ Additionally, you should also prepare an outline for your essay.
*Phân biệt: “In addtion + Clause vs In addtion to + N(phrase)”
Ex: In addition to her great beauty, she is also well-known for her talent.
She is also well-known for her talent. In addition, she is greatly beautiful.
CẶP LIÊN TỪ ĐẲNG LẬP: PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
Qui tắc: những gì được nối phải tương đương, cùng chức năng.
a/ Not only ….. but also (không những … mà còn)
Ex: Robert is not only talented but also handsome. (adjective-adjective)
He writes not only correctly but also neatly. (adverb-adverb)
She can play not only the guitar but also the violin. (noun-noun)
She not only plays the piano but also composes music. (verb-verb)
-Note: Thành phần sau but also thường quyết định thành phần sau not only.
Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland.
Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.
b/ As well as (vừa … vừa …)
Ex : Robert is talented as well as handsome. (adjective-adjective)
He writes correctly as well as neatly. (adverb-adverb)
She plays the guitar as well as the violin. (noun-noun)
Paul plays the piano as well as composes music. (verb-verb)
Note: Phân biệt với S1 + as well as + S2 (đồng chủ ngữ) mang nghĩa cùng với.
(Xem Chuyên đề S + V Agreement)
Ex: The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.
My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.
c/ Both ….. and… (vừa … vừa)
– Như Not only …. but also.
Ex: Robert is both talented and handsome.
Paul both plays the piano and composes music.
d/ Either + N + or + N : hoặc N hoặc N
-Khi 2 chủ từ nối bằng EITHER…OR, động từ số ít hay số nhiều sẽ phụ thuộc vào chủ từ gần V nhất.
(Xem Chuyên đề S + V Agreement)
Ex: Either Tom or Jerry must be here.
e/ Neither + N + nor + N : không N cũng không N
-Khi 2 chủ từ nối bằng NEITHER…NOR, động từ số ít hay số nhiều sẽ phụ thuộc vào chủ từ gần V nhất.
Ex: Neither Jackie nor Pat is going to go to work tomorrow.
2/ Đứng trước mệnh đề chính trong câu:
a/ THEN : VẬY THÌ/ NHƯ THẾ LÀ
Ex: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry.
The plant looks very faded; then it hasn’t been watered for long.
b/ CONSEQUENTLY : DO ĐÓ / BỞI VẬY/ CHO NÊN
Ex: You didn’t work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam.
c/ HOWEVER : TUY NHIÊN
Ex: He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily.
It was raining very hard; however, we went out without umbrellar.
d/ NEVERTHELESS : TUY NHIÊN
Ex: She studies very hard; nevertheless, she always gets bad marks.
e/ SO (không trang trọng)/ THEREFORE : VÌ THẾ, DO ĐỐ
Ex: He violated the traffic signs, therefore/ so he was punished.
He is a good teacher, therefore/ so he is very popular with students.
It rained very hard, therefore/ so we didn’t go out that night.
f/ HENCE : DO ĐÓ
Ex: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book.
He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson.
g/ THUS: DO ĐÓ
Ex: We are lazy. Thus we have to take the consequences of failure.
B. Liên từ phụ thuộc: Subordinate Conjunction
-Công dụng: nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau (bổ nghĩa cho cụm từ, mệnh đề chính trong câu) – chúng đứng đầu mệnh đề phụ trong câu. Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề chính (main clause) và mệnh đề phụ (dependent clause) tạo thành câu phức.
-Note: Khi mệnh đề trạng từ (mệnh đề phụ) đứng trước mệnh đề độc lập (mđề chính) ta phải thêm phẩy “,” sau mệnh đề trạng từ.
-Khi mệnh đề trạng từ theo sau mệnh đề độc lập, dấu phẩy được bỏ đi.
Ex: Because Brian didn’t study well, he failed the test.
Brian failed the test because he didn’t study well. (không có dấu phẩy)
*Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính phụ):
a. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Thời gian (Time): Sequential action conjunctions:
AFTER
Ex: A man shoud take a little rest after he has worked hard.
The ship was checked carefully after she had been built.
BEFORE
Ex: Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.
AS
Ex: He came her as the clock struck six.
They left as the bell rang.
AS SOON AS: NGAY KHI
Ex: I will phone you as soon as I come home.
They will get married as soon as they finish university.
UNTIL (trang trọng) / TILL: CHO TỚI KHI
Ex: People do not know the value of health until / till they lose it.
WHEN
Ex: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes.
WHENEVER: BẤT CỨ LÚC NÀO
Ex: You may come whenever you like.
WHILE: TRONG KHI (Xảy ra đồng thời, có thể dùng tiếp diễn)
Ex: Make hay while the sun shines.
Step while you dance.
While I was doing my homework, my sister was watching TV
b. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Nơi chốn (Places):
WHERE
Ex: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework.
WHEREVER : BẤT CỨ ĐÂU
Ex: His mother follows him wherever he goes.
I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me.
c. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Thể cách (Manner):
AS : NHƯ
Ex: You must do as I told you to do.
AS IF /AS THOUGH : NHƯ THỂ LÀ
Ex: He talks as if he knew everything about her.
He dances as if he were a professional dancer.
He talks as if he were very wise.
d. Trong mệnh đề So sánh (Comparisons):
AS : NHƯ
Ex: He is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as expensive as that one.
THAN : SO VỚI
Ex: She is more beautiful than her sister.
She works harder than her friend does.
e. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Lí do (Reasons):
BECAUSE
Ex: We could not pass the test because we didn’t learn hard.
I didn’t meet her because she had left earlier.
SINCE : VÌ
Ex: I must go since she has telephoned three times.
He has been very weak, since he was taken sick.
FOR : VÌ
Ex: He will surely succeed, for he works hard.
AS : DO, BỞI VÌ
Ex: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games.
NOW THAT: BỞI VÌ BÂY GIỜ
Ex: Now that Maria has a black eye, she doesn’t want to go anywhere.
SEEING / SEEING THAT/ SEEING AS : XÉT THẤY, SỰ THẬT LÀ, DO, BỞI VÌ
Ex: Seeing / Seeing that/ Seeing as his proposition was so clear, they didn’t ask him for any explanation.
INASMUCH AS/ INSOMUCH AS: BỞI VÌ (trang trọng)
Ex: Inasmuch as /insomuch as he cannot come, I propose that the meeting will be postponed.
f. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Mục đích (Purposes):
THAT : ĐỂ
Ex: I work hard that I may succeed in life.
SO THAT : ĐỂ
Ex: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus.
IN ORDER THAT + CLAUSE/ INORDER TO + V/ TO: ĐỂ
Ex: We learn French in order to / to study in France.
We learn French in order that we can study in France.
g. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Điều kiện (Conditions) :
IF
Ex: I will phone him if I have his phone number.
UNLESS (=IF NOT): TRỪ KHI / NÊU … KHÔNG
Ex: You will be late unless you set off now.
Unless you work hard, you will not pass the eams.
PROVIDED / PROVIDING THAT: NẾU, TRONG TRƯỜNG HỢP MÀ
Ex: I will pardon him provided that / providing that he acknowledges his fault.
You can enter the room provided that / providing that you have the ticket.
IN CASE (THAT): NẾU
Ex: You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost.
AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS: CHỪNG NÀO MÀ/ MIỄN LÀ
Ex: No one can harm us, so/as long as we remain friends.
I will lend you some money so/as long as you promise to pay me back.
ONCE: KHI MÀ, NGAY KHI, MỘT KHI
Ex: Once you understand this principle, you will find no difficulty.
h. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Chỉ sự nhượng bộ (Consesssion):
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH: MẶC DÙ
Ex: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her.
*Phân biệt với “in spite of / in despite of/ despite + N phrase” (mặc dù, bất chấp) là các từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ, không phải liên từ đứng đầu các mệnh đề.
Ex: They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather.
In despite of wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letters.
In spite of all his efforts, he failed.
AS : DÙ
Ex: Rich as he is, his isn’t ever happy.
EVEN IF : CHO DÙ, THẬM CHÍ
Ex: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late.
NOT WITHSTANDING THAT : CHO DÙ
Ex: He is poor not withstanding that he works very hard.
i. Đứng đầu mệnh đề Chỉ sự tương phản, trái ngược:
WHEREAS : TRONG KHI (chỉ tương phản)
Ex: He learns hard whereas his friends don’t.
Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it.
WHILE: TRONG KHI (chỉ tương phản)
Ex: I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
English is understood all over the world while Cambodian is spoken by only a few people outside
Cambodia itself.
LESSON 02: NOTES ON CONJUNCTIONS
*Phân biệt: Because / since / for / as
-Xét về vai trò liên từ Because / since / for / as có nghĩa chung là : bởi vì, đứng đầu mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân. Tuy vậy vẫn có những khác biệt trong cách dùng và ý nghĩa:
-Mức độ giảm dần về tính quan trọng của lý do: Because => since => for => as
1/ Because
-Đưa ra lý do là thông tin mới chưa biết. Khi nhấn mạnh vào lý do, mệnh đề because thường đứng cuối câu.
Ex: We had dinner after ten o’ clock because dad arrived late.
John bought a new car because he won a lottery.
-Chú ý: Mệnh đề Because có thể đứng một mình.
Ex: Why do you hate me? – Because I love you.
2/ Since
-Chỉ lý do cho một sự việc hành động nào đó.
Ex: Since she wanted to pass her exam, she decided to study well.
3/ For
-Đưa ra lý do là thông tin mới. Tuy nhiên mệnh đề For nói về nguyên nhân mang tính suy diễn chủ quan. Mđề For không đứng đầu câu và cũng không đứng một mình.
Ex: I decided to consult a doctor, for I was feeling bad.
Something certainly fell down, for I heard a splash.
All precautions must have been neglected, for the epidemic spread rapidly.
(Tất cả các biện pháp phòng ngừa chắc hẳn đã bị bỏ qua, vì bệnh dịch đã bùng phát nhanh chóng) => Suy diễn.
*Note: khi For đứng đầu câu, nó là giới từ , không phải liên từ.
Ex: For you, I did it with pleasure. (Vì em, anh làm điều đó)
4/ As dùng nói về lý do đã biết hoặc không nhấn mạnh vào lý do trong câu.
Ex: As he is always being late, we don’t want to invite him.
*Note: As + nguyên nhân thường đứng đầu câu (văn phong tương đối trang trọng). Trong những tình huống thân mật thì ta thường dùng So + Kết quả.
Ex: As he is always being late, we don’t want to invite him.
=> He is always being late, so we don’t want to invite him.
– Mệnh đề Since và As thường hay đứng đầu câu và không đứng riêng lẻ một mình mà không có mệnh đề chỉ kết quả.
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